Describe The Requirement For Treating A Client With That Has Anorexia Free Essays

Treatment of dietary problems can be testing. Compelling treatment must address the fundamental passionate and emotional well-being issues, which frequently go back to youth and a person’s self recognition and mental self view. Building solid restorative partnerships with customers is basic. We will compose a custom article test on Depict The Requirement For Treating A Client With That Has Anorexia or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now When working with a customer who presents with a dietary issue it is basic that, as an instructor, you do this related to a clinical specialist and a nutritionist. The initial step when somebody presents with a dietary issue is to demand them getting a clinical from their GP. There are different reasons with respect to why this is significant. Right off the bat, if the customer has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 17 or less, you can't work with them. This is because of the impacts that an exceptionally low weight can have on one’s mind. Moreover, the requirement for a clinical is significant as somebody who has occupied with the conduct may have experienced genuine wellbeing results and may should be admitted to emergency clinic, or in extraordinary conditions, to a mental ward. It is critical to work with both a specialist and a nutritionist so as you can concentrate on why the customer may have a dietary issue and what looks after it. Different experts at that point, center around issues of weight and expanding this weight, if fundamental. All treatment ought to be custom fitted to the individual and will fluctuate as indicated by both the seriousness of the turmoil and the patients’ singular issues, needs and qualities. Because of the mental circumstances and end results of some dietary problems, talking treatment can assume a significant job in treatment. Intellectual Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is viewed as the treatment of decision for individuals giving dietary issues. CBT is an engaged methodology that empowers an individual with a dietary problem to see how their reasoning and negative self-talkâ and mental self portrait can straightforwardly affect their eating and negative practices. CBT centers around recognizing and modifying useless idea examples, perspectives and convictions which may trigger and propagate the clients’ dietary issue. Nourishing advising and exhortation can assist your customer with identifying their feelings of trepidation about food and the physical results of not eating admirably. The underlying point of treatment is to restore a sound disposition toward food and a steady example of eating. It is an important phase of treatment and should join training about wholesome needs and getting ready for, and observing, reasonable decisions of the individual patient. There are various treatment approaches utilized for those with dietary problems, in which a mix might be advertised. As a guide you should work related to a clinical specialist and nutritionist, so as the best treatment approach can be set up for your customer. Step by step instructions to refer to Describe The Requirement For Treating A Client With That Has Anorexia, Papers

Merapi Eruption And Its Economic Impact Environmental Sciences Essay

Merapi Eruption And Its Economic Impact Environmental Sciences Essay As of late, Indonesia is confronted with numerous cataclysmic event, for example, tidal wave, seismic tremor, and volcanic ejection. These debacles are bound to happen on account of the geographical area of Indonesia which is situated at the edge of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian structural plates. Just as of late, Indonesia has been made frenzy by Gunung Merapi, which is one of a lot more Indonesias dynamic stratovolcano mountain. This Gunung Merapi is situated between Central Java and Yogyakarta in Indonesia. Gunung Merapi is one of the most dynamic spring of gushing lava in Indonesia. It has likewise emitted normally since the year 1548. To talk about the emission impact of Gunung Merapi unreservedly, this paper will be begun with the presentation and the definition about what is ejection and Gunung Merapi. The conversation of this paper will be then proceeded and rundown all the impacts, casualties, misfortune and harm to people life. This paper records the insights regarding the people in question, ecological impacts, the perilous materials of this ejection, harm and misfortune to numerous segments. The paper will at that point examine about what the administration activity to support the people in question and reestablishes the site that got the weaknesses of this ejection. The end some portion of this paper will be the end of the conversation with the rundown subtleties. Presentation Inside these previous scarcely any years back, there are numerous catastrophic events that occured in Indonesia and the most every now and again that happen is flood. The debacles that frequently occur in Indonesia are flood, seismic tremor, and volcanic ejection, torrent which are bound to happen due to Indonesias topographical area which is situated at the edge of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian structural plates. Jakarta as the capital town of Indonesia is the spot that flood will destined to happen if there is an overwhelming precipitation with long enough term to fix a flood. The calamity than happen as of late is emission so this article will concentrate on volcanic ejection. 2010 emissions of mount merapi. (2010, December 8). An emission can be an extremely dangerous calamity for people life because of its huge blast of the fountain of liquid magma, fall of the stones and the cinders that can bother people breath and eyes. Indonesia has numerous dynamic volcanic mountain like Gunung Merapi, Gunung Krakatau, Gunung Kelud, Gunung Semeru, Gunung Guntur and numerous others. One of these dynamic mountain which named Gunung Merapi, have done an incredible emission as of late, which is begun at 26 October 2010. This ejection clearly made many negative consequences for people life and condition around that mountain. The instances of the adverse impacts are passing and individuals getting harmed, many house broken, individuals must go out and things and go to the more secure spot. They all vibe entirely hopeless for their misfortune due to this volcanic emission. Merapis ejection additionally influences numerous things like how things going in Keraton Jogja which is the town that this Merapi found. There are such huge numbers of things that get influenced simply because of this Merapis ejection. This article will speak profound about the subtleties for all the consequences for its condition, the harm and misfortune in numerous parts like social and foundation, the effects of economy, development, GDP and GNP and joblessness impacts on account of this ejection. 1.2 The Definition of Eruption Ejection is the wonder of the blasting out of magma to the outside of the earth. Emission can be isolated into two, for example, dangerous ejection and non touchy emission. The kinds of emission is rely upon numerous things; for models, the thickness of magma, the organization of gas inside the magma, the impact of ground water, and magma load. The thickness of magma and the organization of gas inside the magma are relying upon the piece of synthetic of magma. Emission has own component. There are overabundance discharged gasses, when the magma come its approach to surface, and the gas pressure make the spread of volcanic material. The procedure of gas discharged is in some cases followed by an enormous sound of thunder that occasionally permit us to hear the thundering voice as a similar time the volcanic material ejection happens. The procedure of gas pressure isn't need quite a while. The plug openings in the pit by the gas pressure relies upon the pace of gas creation from the magma that make the expanding of the gas weight, and solidarity to withstand the weight of gas hole plug. The all the more remarkable plugs hole, the more noteworthy the level of the solid emission. A quick moving progression of magma that stream down to waterway, at that point spread in the plain at the slopes sight of the fountain of liquid magma zone can cause into the harms on genuine financial and natural. 2010 ejections of mount merapi. (2010, December 8). Gunung Merapi 2010 The monstrous blast of Merapi Mountain occurred on the main date in the period of November 2010. The primary blast happens around 10.03 AM that begun with a little seismic tremor and tumbling down of materials. Not long after that the haze of warmth tagged along from the highest point of Merapi with a stature of 1.5km. In light of the observation from the Monitor room of Merapi Activity in BPPTK Office loated in Jalan Cendana, Jogjakarta, the haze of warmth set out toward the south passage, which is the Gendol River and Woro River with increasing speed of 4km. At 11.30AM, Merapi Mountain detonate once more, making haze of warmth with stature of around 3.5km. This is the second most noteworthy blast for the Friday, November 5, 2010. This is overviewed from Balerante, the gathering of mists and balls intensely dirtied vertically thundering to the sky with the approximated tallness of 3.500meters. Because of the breeze blows from north and east going to the Cendawan Sea, and the haze of warmth is making a beeline for the southeast heading of the delta of Gendol River, there are no further report from BNPTK about this blast. This data is legitimately directed outwardly on Friday ,November 5, 2010. Around 11.35AM portion of the slope and mountain is canvassed in thick and foreboding shadow. The Earthquake itself is profoundly identified due to the seizmograph signal introduced at different observation central command. Residents in the southwest, southeast, south, and west are requested to be careful and arranged. As communicated, the huge blast of Merapi before additionally occurred on Friday this evening. Because of the blast, 55 residents are guaranteed dead up until this very evening. The risky zone are extended from the main 15km up to 20km. Kinds of volcanic emission. (2010, December 6) Survivors of emission Gunung Merapi 2010 This 2010 emission is the most noticeably terrible since 1870. Thirty-two towns has become the people in question and 70000 soul were being recommended to clear since they situated in the peril an area. Those towns comprise of 17 towns in District of Magelang, 4 towns in District of Klaten, 3 towns in District of Boyolali, and 8 towns in District of Sleman. This time Merapi is in basic condition, other than being set apart with the separation of warmth cloud unstable ejection arrives at 11.5 kilometer at Bebeng River and at better place the separation of warmth cloud emission arrives at 11 km at White River, 10 km at Boyong River and 9.5 km at Gendol River. This time the warmth cloud that out from the pinnacle of Merapi has arrived at the stature of in excess of 10 km, the quantity of casualties is 73. Casualties spread in 2 locales, which are 69 casualties at the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta and 4 casualties at Center Java. The harmed, consume and rankle casualties have contacted 100 people. This condition depends on November 5, 2010 note. Comparable to Merapis condition that still in hazardous, the legislature is looking for the spare spot for the displaced person. After the subsequent emission, 55 people are recorded dead as of not long ago. The inclined area is being extended from 15 km to 20 km. Kinds of volcanic ejection. (2010, December 6). Natural impacts As we realize that Yogyakarta is a well known city perceived by numerous outside vacationers, Merapi ejection that happened has given a great deal of effect on the development of the travel industry in Yogyakarta. After the ejection of Merapi that happened in Yogyakarta, the degree of trust diminished definitely and it has influenced both remote and local vacationers, particularly in the travel industry segment. In spite of the fact that the ejection of merapi has diminished, the impact of the emission was still heart pounding particularly for the retreats and food corner.â The inn inhabitance rate from both remote and household travelers is around 30-40 percent of it. Besides, fortunately the rate has expanded marginally after the beginning Adisucipto air terminal reopened.â After Adisucipto air terminal was revived, when the inhabitance rate was distinctly around 10-20 percent of it. The inhabitance rate and the normal decrease of vacationers in light of post-ejection of Merapi as well as brought about by the news-media inclusion of security concerns the city of Yogyakarta. So as to reestablish the name of the city of Yogyakarta as a sheltered the travel industry like previously, the travel industry parties in participation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and related organizations will hold an assortment of arrangement of occasions. Bataviase.co.id. (2010, December 28). 2.12 Volcanic debris In the mean time, the acclaimed Borobudur sanctuary additionally shut because of the grievous emission, the zone of 185 hectares were totally incapacitated because of volcanic debris that secured the sky. After the incredible emission many trees were removed around the sanctuary and the frontage road prompting the sanctuary was blocked.â And surprisingly more dreadful, the most remarkable ejection makes the sanctuary in basic condition and probably not going to be accessed. Thickness of volcanic debris arrived at 2-4 centimeters. The Jakarta post. ( 2010, December 28). 2.13 Greenhouse impacts in Yogyakarta The temperature in Yogyakarta is truly elevated and hot. Average daytime air heat more than 33 degrees Celsius. This is brought about by the debris which originate from the emission where covers the encompassing territories. The volcanic debris cov

Essay Scholarship - How To Get One

Essay Scholarship - How To Get OneAlthough the majority of students are eligible for scholarships in the university and college, not all of them are able to get a real scholarship. However, you can still apply for a very small essay scholarship. These are available in a lot of venues and the best part is that these essays are not really too long.Essay scholarships come from different venues. Usually, these are made available by the awarding institutions and they are given based on the merits of the essay submitted. As a matter of fact, most of the essay scholarships that are actually provided to the students are free of cost, which gives the scholarship recipients great freedom as they can choose how to use the essay in order to get their course fees paid.Essay scholarships are also easily transferable; therefore, the scholarship recipient can give the essay to a close friend and ask him or her to read it before submitting it. This way, the winner can have an extra boost of motivatio n and improve their grades. The essay may help the student to gain some form of insight into their academic abilities and the target audience will definitely love to read it.In order to qualify for a scholarship, the essay has to be about something other than academics. That means that the essay should be able to make a statement about what kind of person the student is and the problem areas they are facing as a result of their education. A student should try to include a few statistics or examples from their school, the school that they would like to go to and their interests.Some of the awardees of essay scholarships may be students who are experiencing issues with their studies or those who are going through difficulties in their studies. Most of the essay scholarships are meant to encourage people who may be struggling in their studies to solve their problems instead of throwing in the towel. These kinds of essays are typically called self-help essays.There are no specific guide lines on how an essay should be written. However, the general theme of the essay is to highlight a certain event or situation that the writer was faced with during their studies. For example, they may be talking about having bad grades or when they were rejected from a test or essay or even when their course was suspended.Essay scholarships may also be given to the students who are currently working at a particular company. The essay should highlight how well the student has been doing at his job. This will help them obtain a better paying job or it will help them get a promotion within the company if their applications are successful.When applying for a scholarship, the essay should contain the information that is required in order to be awarded the award. These include the student's full name, his address, contact numbers, cell phone numbers and e-mail address. It is also recommended that the applicant provides proof of being a citizen of the United States, so that his application will be considered without any trouble.

Sexism In Snow White - 1217 Words

â€Å"Mirror Mirror on the wall, whos the fairest one of them all.† Snow White was the very first animated film by Disney that is about a young princess. The Evil Queen is jealous and wants to have her killed. Snow White runs into the Seven Dwarfs and stays with them. Disney movies have a lot of controversy and one of them is sexism. Disney movies are good for kids and have role models, but people still say there are negative characteristics that come with the movies. Snow White is full of sexism and it is shown in many different ways. Snow White is constantly seen cleaning, saying and doing ignorant things, and is need of a man who ends up having to save her in the end. Disney princesses and women in general are shown cleaning throughout the†¦show more content†¦Even though she has the animals help her, she still thinks that it is the only way to make the Dwarfs like her. Along with cleaning a lot and being happy about it, Snow White is shown to be ditzy and dumb. Disney women in the films are constantly saying and doing ignorant and naive things. All of the other characters are shown to be above average, smart, and brave, but not the beautiful, female main character. She is naive enough to think that it is okay to trust a random, attractive man who jumped over her wall and started singing to her (00:05:27-00:7:00). A women is swayed by a man singing to her. She does get panicky at first, but after a few bars of love music she instantly falls in love. Another scene in the film, the Queen tells the Huntsmen to take Snow White to a field to â€Å"Pick wildflowers† (00:07:00-00:07:08). This suggest she thinks the princess is naive and ignorant enough to allow a stranger to take her to a field and be distracted by the flowers like a typical princess would. This controversy is also shown in Cinderella when she trusts a random woman who says she can make her pretty and take her to a ball. She decides to believe a woman who claims to be her Go dmother. However, she does work some magic on her, and shows kindness and love for Cinderella. Still, it is not wise to put that must trust into a stranger. Even though Snow Whites voice sounds like a young girls and she makes some unwise choices, she still does logical things. Being scared in aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Disney s Disney 1320 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome obsessed with perfection. Unfortunately, Disney has come under attack for promoting harmful, unrealistic body types and the narrow ideal of marriage as the happiest of endings for young women. For example, Beauty and the Beast, Cinderella, Snow White, and The Little Mermaid each display examples of gender stereotyping and objectification. All three of these movies have similar characteristics and story lines. If you look closely at the classic female characters you will see them in the castRead MoreGender, Race and Disney Princesses Essay examples1041 Words   |  5 Pagescan be easily influenced by what they see and hear†. Therefore, what they see and hear in Disney movies leaves an impression on them. The first princess, Snow White, was created in a time where each gender and race had a specific role in society. Recently, many believe that Disney has come a long way in regards to gender and race since Snow White, as several multi-cultural protagonists have been introduced subsequently, and gender roles do not appear to be as stereotypical as they once were. HoweverRead MoreThe Success Of The Multi Million Dollar Disney Corporation Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesaimed at a younger audience, still in their early cognitive development stage. At this age, children are carefully noting what goes on around them, gaining knowledge of how society and the wider world works. (Hibbeler, B 2009) Since heavy topics of sexism and gender roles are not likely discussed with one’s parents at this age and stage, Disney films are one of the earliest transmitters of these kind of messages. Behin d a mask of innocence, early Disney Princess films promote corrupt expectations onRead MoreDisney Plays a Role in Shaping Girls Self-Esteem1832 Words   |  7 PagesThus, this analysis is an attempt to elucidate the archetype of women through the classic film, Snow White (1937) by identifying and analyzing some representations and by doing so, understanding how a majority of the female characters also have become the reflection of those values in both, action and appearance. In 1937, Disney adapted the original The Brothers Grimm fairytale and released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which won the hearts of critics and audiences worldwide; nonetheless, itRead MoreThe, Gender, And Race1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rape of women needless to say these women have been subjected to both of crime and sexism. Intersectionality will point out that there may be needs that should be addressed regarding the rape depending on if that individual has overlap does implementing intersectionality. For example, women of color being raped may also have to deal with racism. The idea here is not just to work towards ending sexism but sexism (if you group all women together) but to also end racism. If the law only looks at oneRead MoreSummary Of Disney And His Worlds934 Words   |  4 Pagespieces of information that I learned about Walt Disney is that not everything he did was perfect. I already knew that he didn’t start off with a lot of money and that he had to borrow a giant sum to help get Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs off the ground. Within the book, Bryman explains that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was a success with the public and that Walt had make back more than enough money. What I didn’t realize was that all of his movies were not a huge success. For example, Bryman statesRead MoreEssay about An Analysis of Fairy Tales1684 Words   |  7 PagesSagas about princes and princesses, beauty, magic, and love, fairy tales like Snow White and Cinderella among others have become children’s favorite bedtime stories. However, as parents tuck their sons and daughters in, they fail to realize that there is a much more daunting purpose to these stories. American writer and poet, Jane Yolen suggests that fairy tales indicate life values. Furthermore, Yolen insists that these tales are â€Å"thumbprints of history† (Yolen 27). Studying fairy tales in depthRead MoreEssay about Disney and Discrimination1430 Words   |   6 Pagessubliminal and Disney is therefore hiding certain race, gender, and sex issues. Now, you Disney fanatics may be thinking that Disney captivates, enthralls through song and animation; criticizing â€Å"questioning Disney is like questioning motherhood† (Snow whitey). Yet, as author Janet Wasko puts it: â€Å"There is the super fan, who doesn’t question Disney, and then there is the rejecter who wants nothing to do with Disney. The goal that you as the reader will hopefully attain, is to lie somewhere in theRead MoreAdverse Influence of Disney Movies on the Younger Generation2049 Words   |  9 Pageshow he felt his values were in good thought. But the problem is his movies didn’t always portray these values. Many of the Disney Classics that our generation has grown to know and love have exposed children to many bad values. Classics such as: Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, The Jungle Book, 101 Dalmatians, The Little M ermaid, Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, and Pocahontas display lessons not suitable for those of the younger years. In short, Disney movies haveRead MoreFemale Portrayal in Disney Cartoon Films2218 Words   |  9 Pagesconvey, but watching these films as an adult may raise an eyebrow or two. These movies consist of young, naà ¯ve, and beautiful princesses doing what it takes to be freed from a bad circumstance and ultimately falling in love along the way. Is it sexist? Sexism is defined as attitudes or behavior based on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles; discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex, as in restricted job opportunities; especially, such discrimination directed against women. In the real world

Fail to Plan, Plan to Fail - 1612 Words

Those who fail to plan, plan to fail, or at least plan not to improve, according to the management literature. Look at school improvement, and there’s similar agreement pretty much across the literature that the schools that improve are the ones that plan. They establish a clear educational vision and consequent shared mission; identify goals or objectives that enable them to achieve that mission and thereby realise that vision; audit themselves, thereby identifying areas for improvement; and develop and implement educational programs on the basis of leadership 57 that audit that address areas for improvement in ways that help them achieve the mission. That process, much of the literature suggests, is recursive or†¦show more content†¦They found that those asked simply to ‘do your best’ corrected both grammatical and content errors, while those who were asked specifically to correct grammar ignored content, and those who were asked specifically to correct content ignored grammar. The reason? Goals ‘inform the individual about what behaviour is valued and appropriate,’ argue Staw and Boettger. The goal-setting problem, Ordà ³Ãƒ ±ez and colleagues add, is that when we plan we tend to latch on to specific, measurable standards rather than complex sets of behaviours, and the attitudes and values that underlie them, precisely because specific standards are easy to measure and complex sets of behaviours are not. Command performance The goal-setting problem, essentially, depends on whether a goal is set by command or by consultation, negotiation or – horror – genuine collaboration. Goals set by command are, by definition, set by those with the power, whether you like it or not, to set them. The risk of such goal setting is that, first, it may lead to goals that are inappropriate or overly specific and, second, that leaders and their followers can be prone to what could be called target fixation or what Christopher Kayes, calls ‘destructive goal pursuit’ in Destructive Goal Pursuit: The Mount Everest disaster, to which Ordà ³Ãƒ ±ez and colleaguesShow MoreRelatedPlan to Fail or Fail to Plan?1874 Words   |  8 PagesPlan to Fail or Fail to Plan By, Andrew 11Dp1 Business do not plan to fail, they fail to plan Every businessperson that want to build or establish a business must have this statement in his or her mind first. By keeping this sentence in mind, it helps you achieving your goal (to gain profit as much as possible of course) What is a business plan? A business plan is a written statement of the goals and objectives for the business and the steps to be taken to achieve them; it is a documentRead MoreOrganisations Fail to Plan Are Plan to Fail2584 Words   |  11 PagesPart A: Organisations that fail to plan are planning to fail. Do you agree or disagree with this statement. Explain and refer to theoretical models and concepts in your answer. Organisations fail to plan are plan to fail Planning is the impact of defining organisational goals or objectives, establishing and overall strategy for achieving those goals, and developing a comprehensive set of plans to compound and set up organisational work. It is referring to what is to be done and how it is to beRead MoreReasons Why Marketing Plans Fail1111 Words   |  5 PagesSome Common Reasons Marketing Plans Fail Whatever your business is, you are either selling a service or selling a product. You need marketing to reach out to a lot of people and make them see reasons they need your product or services. Even app developers need to do a lot of marketing for users to get to see their apps. After any iPhone app development, iPhone users still have to be notified of the new app. Top app development companies have already found out that launching your app without anyRead Moreâ€Å"Organisations that fail to plan are planning to fail† this quote by Benjamin Franklin can be taken1200 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Organisations that fail to plan are planning to fail† this quote by Benjamin Franklin can be taken by its literal meaning that failing to plan for different situations that a business may face in its endeavours is basically setting the business and yourself up for failure even before the tasks are undertaken. No person or business accidentally succeeds, there success is a result from constructing and executing their plan. Planning is often called the primary management function as it establishesRead MoreHow A Business Plan Should Be Leveraged And Discovered Why Many Businesses Fail1845 Words   |  8 Pagescreate in the last 15 years. In doing so I hav e learned a tremendous amount about what to do and what not to do, I have learned the value of business incubators, and the value of a mentor. I have also learned how a business plan should be leveraged and discovered why many businesses fail. The very first business I ever operated was a web page building service that I operated while still in high school. At the time I knew very little about business structure or protecting personal assets. Honestly, besidesRead MorePlanning Methods And Methods Of Planning1692 Words   |  7 Pagesfollows: -â€Å"Planning is the thinking process, the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience that is required for intelligent action† as said by Alford and Beatt. -â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action for further attempting to achieve consistent co-ordinate structure of operations aimed at the desired results† as per Theo Haimann. -â€Å"Planning is fundamentally choosing and a planning problem arises when an alternativeRead MoreStrategic Planning : Strategic And Operational Planning889 Words   |  4 Pageshave a mission statement and a vision for the future. Every organization should know where they stand, and have an idea of where they see themselves five to ten years from now. To make their vision a reality, they must set goals and make specific plans. The two major types of planning used by organizations to achieve goals are strategic and operational planning. Goal setting is imperative to organizational growth, but without planning those goals may not be attainable. Top-level managers, as wellRead MoreA Strong Leader Always Come Up With Great Ideas.The First1090 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful business venture. To separate the strong leaders from the weak ones, the strong leaders have the ability to successfully execute a plan. A strong leader tends to possess certain qualities, including honesty, p ositive attitudes, commitment, inspire, delegate, confidence, and communication. Moreover, leaders should be able to strategize and organize a plan effectively in order for their organization to be successful in the healthcare industry. Sunrise Senior Living is a competitor of MorseLifeRead MoreWhy so Many Start Up Businesses Fail and What You as an Entrepreneur Need to Do to Enhance Your Chances of Surviving the First Year984 Words   |  4 Pagesmany start up businesses fail and what you as an entrepreneur need to do to enhance your chances of surviving the first year Business failure refers to a company ceasing operations following its inability to make a profit or to bring in enough revenue to cover its expenses. A profitable business can fail if it does not generate adequate cash flow to meet expenses. According to The Dun Bradstreet and INC. magazine, we can see a result of 33% of all new business fail within first six months.Read MoreFailed Entrepreneurial Activity1664 Words   |  7 PagesWhen talking about the fail entrepreneurial activity, general public have controversial definitions of failure as some may think of liquidation of company and some suppose the fail investment of a particular area only. Despite polemical definition of failure, at least it states that the company stagnate in the fast changing world. According to the Burns (2010), the success is a survival for the long term in the turbulent business world. It hints that the failure represents the collapse of the business

Causes of Macbeths Downfall - 1445 Words

Causes of Macbeths Downfall – Essay By Jordan Koorey Shakespeare’s Macbeth, based on a play written in 1605 explores the life journey of Macbeth as he climbs the ladder of the social hierarchy. Determined to become King, Macbeth will kill any and all that get in his way. Driven by ambition, Macbeth puts his faith in the words and prophecies of three witches after a prediction that Macbeth would gain the new title of Thane of Cawdor. Alongside with ambition, Lady Macbeth, is a key instrument to Macbeths’ ambition to become king, continuously pressuring him, when he fears he has gone too in his schemes for greatness. We can definitely see a well – regarded and loyal soldier of the Scottish army change to a murderous tyrant. His downfall†¦show more content†¦As the lead up to the event of King Duncan’s murder Lady Macbeth tricks Macbeth into killing Duncan by using her cunning and complicated words. She makes Macbeth think that he has to kill Duncan for his benefit. Lady Macbeth deceives him into think ing that only he would gain more power, and it wouldn t benefit her. Lady Macbeth counters Macbeths’ arguments by saying that he needs to muster up all of his courage, and just follow here directions. Lady Macbeth plans the murder strategies, and influences Macbeth to go along with her strategy. Macbeth doesn t want to kill a good king for his own ambitions, but is persuaded to do it. From Lady Macbeth persuading him to kill Duncan, the first evil act he commits, he is drawn into believing the witches’ prophecies, and takes action to make them come true. Through various quotes by Lady Macbeth, it is evident to say that with each other by their sides, was a negative influence to the lead up of Macbeths’ downfall. Lady Macbeth blames her husband for lacking the courage to do the deed, and because Macbeth is a warrior above everything else, her comments manipulate him a good deal. Indeed, manliness is an idea the play interrogates in various ways, such as when Macb eth says I dare do all that may become a man who dares do more is none (1.7.46-47). This is the belief that his wife use against him: When you durst doShow MoreRelatedMacbeth- Text Responce918 Words   |  4 PagesPrompt: â€Å"Macbeth is totally responsible for his own downfall† Shakespeare’s play ‘Macbeth’ is about the leading male protagonist succumbing to his ambition and need for power. Though Macbeth is liable for his own actions, he is not solely responsible for the events that eventually result in his downfall. Macbeth is corrupted by his wife, Lady Macbeth, as well as the three weird sisters. Macbeth’s contribution towards his downfall is his strong ambitious nature. Lady Macbeth is the person who inducesRead MoreGerald Deocariza Iii. Mrs. Jardine. English 3, Period 4.1161 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome tragic heroes, who destine for a serious downfall and set as the protagonists of a dramatic tragedy. A tragic hero gets For example, William Shakespeare wrote a play called The Tragedy of Macbeth to show Macbeth’s uprisings and downfalls. Macbeth’s downfall results to wrong judgements that combines fate and external forces. If his downfalls does not kill him, his downfalls can cause the tragic hero to suffer for the rest of his life. Macbeth gains the utmost respect from other people; on theRead More The Character Flaws of Macbeth Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesThe Character Flaws of Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Since The Tragedy of Macbeth was written there has been speculation about the cause of Macbeths downfall.   Readers ponder whether Macbeths fall was caused by a flaw in his character, Lady Macbeth, or an outside force of evil.   Although the witches set a certain mood and Lady Macbeth exerts a certain influence on him, Macbeths downfall is caused by his own character.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeths tragic flaw in character was the paradoxical pairing of his ambitionRead MoreCause Of Macbeths Downfall955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes of Macbeths Downfall Essay (English Yearly) INTRODUCTION {DON’T HAVE TOO MANY FACTS IN INTRODUCTION ANAYLISE MORE USING THE FIRST SECTIONS OF EACH PARAGRAPH} Macbeth is a powerful and emotionally intense play. 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A Markov Chain Study on Mortgage Loan Default Stages free essay sample

Shifting probability of credit status of past due or non-performing loans across stage has always been the center of attention not only for banking institutions but also for academicians. Mortgage loans’ changing credit status has a major influence on bank’s required reserve for capital adequacy against possible default loss. If the probability of shifting credit for default loans can be understood, calculated, controlled, or even predicted, reserve cost for the banking institutions can be alleviated to achieve higher economic efficiency. Due to the practical need to study and forecast bad credit, this research tries to explore probability distribution of past-due loans and to estimate average survival time before transferring into next non-performing loan stages. This information may be useful for bank managers to understand how to deal with the problems of classification and average delinquency related with mortgage loans for the purpose of better managing and granting loans. Bank asset may be better protected by restricting the period of years in mortgage financing especially when loans become dangerously delinquent and collaterals fail to offer adequate rotection. Banking institutions may even use life insurance to match the period of mortgage loans against potential default in the case of borrower accidents. Prediction of mortgage probability among credit stages may facilitate loan granting decision because of better quality in credit evaluation, which may, in turn, reduce a significant portion of mortgage risk. Mortgage Loan Default Stages may be commonly classified into 5 stages: normal, special mention, substandard, doubtful, and actual loss, with each stage having different probability of change either from good to bad or vice versa. This study use the Markov Chain to study the probability of shifting credit status and to estimate average survival delinquency of non-performing loans across stages, using the mortgage data collected from one of Taiwanese major banking institutions over a period of ten years (2001-2010). The study result shows that the probability distribution of mortgage loans can be classified in to the following five stages: 86. 89% belong to normal, 2. 12% need special mention, 0. 56% turn out to be doubtful, 0. 63% classify as substandard, and, finally, 9. 8% become actual loss. The probabilities for past-due loans to return back to its previous stage are 5. 64%, 3. 86%, 2. 3% and 0. 05% respectively, showing that mortgage loans once become past-due out of its regular repayment will not be easy for them to return to its previous credit status. This study also estimates average delinquent period for credit stages to be 23. 61, 7. 38, 4. 24, and 2. 40 years respectively, showing that the downward spiraling nature of non-performing loans with an ever shorter of life-cycle for worse credit. keywords:Mortgage loan, default risk, absorbing Markov chain I. Introduction Credit and loan and are the main business and a major source of earnings for banking institutions. The quality of credit and loan operations has a tremendous impact on the soundness of banking operations. One of the causes of the 2007 U. S. subprime mortgage crisis is the excessive credit expansion for financial institutions to ignore risk related to real estate loans, particularly when such loans are from high-risk populations suffering from unemployment or falling real estate prices. Bad loans did not occur instantly when credit is first given. Overdue credit happens gradually during the process when economy deteriorates causing households without the ability to repay and home prices to fall largely below the actual loan amount. A significant portion of those overdue bad loans will cause the rapid rise in the Non-Performing Loans (NPL) ratio for financial institutions, resulting in a serious erosion of profit, and causing a chain reaction of bankruptcy and escalated financial crisis. The century-old Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy in 2008 which caused a domino effect, not only hitting the U. S. economy, but also triggering a global financial tsunami. Such disaster may be explained by the fact that banks recently owns excessive amount of poor credits which may be the result of highly competitive banking environment and reckless credit imprudence, even reaching an alarming level in banks NPL ratios. In order to correct this problem, the banking industry must make prudent and cautious decisions in the beginning of loan auditing process and also recognize the dynamic fact that credit status is not static. It shifts greatly throughout the life span of the loan credit. The change is more dramatic especially in the case of past due or non-performing loans. Only when banking institutions are fully aware of the dynamic nature of credit status can the banking institutions avoid making the same mistake again. This paper focuses on the study of the shifting probability of credit status of past due or non-performing loans. In this study, the samples are selected based on the number of different credit stages and the size of different scale from the cases of residential mortgage loans from a branch in southern Taiwan of a large scale national bank specialized real estate mortgage loans, so that the samples are representative and non-bias. During the 10-year period of study from 2001 to 2010, a total sample of 3470 cases are selected with 3455 cases of normal payments and 305 overdue repayments in order to understand the distribution of housing loans and their NPL status. According to Taiwanese banking regulations, 5 categories (or stages) of overdue loans and bad credit assets are defined as: Category I (stage 0):Normal Credit assetsnormal payment (on interests and principals); Category II (stage 1): Special Mentionoverdue 1 to 3 month stage; Category III (stage 2): Substandard overdue for 4 to 6 months; Category IV (stage 3):Doubtful/pre-write-off stage overdue for more than six months; Category V (stage 4):Losses—actual write-offs. This study uses the Markov Chain method to study the continuous process, transferal evolution, and shifting probability of loans across stages. The purpose is to investigate the distribution status and transferal probability of NPL loans in different stage to understand and forecast the probability of classification and its survival time in each of the stage for reference of the bank in auditing credit, extending credit, securing loan, and the need to attach mortgage life insurance to reduce bank’s risk. 2. 1 Definition of housing loans According to Taiwanese Bank Credit Practice, (Bank Credit of Practice Summary compiled Committee, 2008), housing loans are defined as when customers, with good credit history, may provide his or other’s real estate to banks or other financial institutions to apply for short-term or long-term loans to meet clients need of home purchase, repair or other specific purposes. According to the borrowers credit situation, solvency, and market value of collaterals, banks may provide financing to pursue maximum profit under a certain degree of risk, in order to meet customer needs and arrange loan portfolio management. . 2 Definition of bad credit assets Taiwanese NPL regulations classify credit assets (both on and off balance sheet) into normal credit assets (Category I) and other bad credit assets (Category II-V). A sound credit asset shall be evaluated based on the market status of collaterals and overdue length of time. Bad credit assets cover the stages that have overdue 1 to 6 mo nths, more than 6 months, doubtful of any payments, and real asset losses which are actually written off from banks balance sheet. Bad credit assets also have the following situations: 1. Those requiring â€Å"Special Mention† refer to the category of credit assets still having sufficient collateral but principal or interest payments in arrears for 1 to 12 months; or those unsecured credit assets having overdue for 1 to 3 months; or those credit assets that have not yet reached their maturity date, but the borrowers, nonetheless, show other instances of poor credit worthiness. 2. Those that are â€Å"Substandard refer to the category of credit assets evaluated as having sufficient collateral but the borrowers principal or interest payments have been in arrears for 12 months or more; or those credit assets evaluated as unsecured on which the borrowers principal or interest payments have been in arrears for 3 to 6 months. 3. Those that are â€Å"Doubtful† refer to the category of credit assets evaluated as unsecured and on which the borrowers principal or interest payments have been in arrears for 6 to 12 months. 4. Those that are classified as â€Å"Losses† refer to the category of credit assets evaluated as unsecured on which the borrowers principal or interest payments have been in arrears for 12 months or more; or those credit assets evaluated as impossible to obtain repayment. With regard to those credit assets to be repaid in installments by agreement, the bank may evaluate the assets in accordance with the borrowers solvency and the status of the collateral within 6 months after the establishment of a separate contract and may not be classified as bad credit asset. 1. Definitions of Non-Performing Loans Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) refer to those loans of which the principal or interest has been in arrears for 3 months or more, and those loans of which the principal or interest has not yet been in arrears for more than 3 months, but the bank has sought payment from primary/subordinate debtors or has disposed of collateral are all classified as NPLs. During the liquidation period, ei ther banks or borrower may request early repayment to amortize loans and other credit payments by notifying each other in accordance with the contract. Furthermore, Taiwanese financial authority regulates that the overdue loans more than 3 months can be handled by the following ways: (A) To dispose of collaterals, to negotiate for installment repayment of interests and principals, to restructure loan payment of interest and principals; (B) To obtain public or private credit guaranty or other government funding sources. In both cases, the credit status of loans changes dramatically from bad to ordinary performing loans. 1. 4Definitions of Non-Accrual Loans In additions, all NPLs shall be transferred to the â€Å"Non-Accrual Loans (NALs)†account within 6 months after the end of the payment period, excluding restructured loans. The NALs refer to loans and other extensions of credit transferred to the non-accrual loan accounts which are to be notified of payment by law. 1. 5Bad Loans Write-Off and Recovery Any NPLs or NALs, after subtracting the estimated recoverable portion, having any of the following characteristics, can be written off according to Taiwanese banking practices: 1. The loan cannot be recovered in full or part because the debtors have dissolved, gone into hiding, reached settlement, or declared bankruptcy. 2. The collateral and property of the primary/subordinate debtors have been appraised at a very low value or become insufficient to repay the loan after the subtraction of senior mortgages, or the execution cost approaches or possibly exceeds the amount that the bank might collect from the debtors where there is no financial benefit in execution. 3. The primary/subordinate debtors collaterals have failed to sell at successive auctions where the price of such collaterals has been successively lowered, and there is no financial benefit to be derived from the bank’s stake to continue possessing such collaterals. 4. More than 2 years have elapsed since the maturity date of the non-performing loans or non-accrual loans, and the efforts of collection have failed. II. Literature Review Previous literature tried to explore the default factors of individual mortgage loans and the reason why loans deteriorate from poor credit into overdue or even NPLs. Due to the difference in sample data and methodology, these literatures have shown very diverse conclusions. The early works of Jung (1962), Page (1964) indicates that mortgage interest rate is the main factor for causing real estate loan overdue. Von Furstenberg (1969) showed that loan-value ratio, mortgage term, borrower age and income are important default factors. Many researches have tried to applied different methodologies and variables in empirical model test to come up with distinctive but sometimes confusing results. Very little attention is paid to investigate the embedded probability iteration by stage for worse credit. In this study, we apply Markov chain to estimate shifting probability and average survival rate among different stages of home loan. Based on the probability information, the credit assessors may accurately predict default rate of home loans according to debtors’ age and loan period, and then coordinate home and life insurance to reduce credit and risk exposure to enhance the quality of home loan. Due to the fact that default rate is ignificantly affected by borrowers’ unique characteristics, i. e. age (von Furstenberg and Green 1974; Canner et al. , 1991), marital situation (Canner et al. , 1991), credit situation in the past (Grander and Mills,1989), education and so on, earlier studies of delinquency attempt to identify the relationship among these important factors. Consistent with findings of previous default studies, three loan factors have consistent and pos itive effect on delinquency: loan-to-value ratio, presence of junior financing (Herzog and Earley, 1970) and age of mortgage (von Furstenberg and Green, 1974). Claurite (1990) finds that foreclosures rise over time if interest rates rise, thus creating an incentive to skip out of high interest loans and to opt for lower ones. In addition, he finds that in markets with rising real estate values, the foreclosure rates are smaller, but the percentage of foreclosures increases with the unemployment rate. Because of its importance, mortgage credit risk evaluation has received a great deal of attention in economic and finance literature. Vandell (1978) and Ingram and Frazier (1982) mention a number of certain loan, borrower, and property characteristics which appear to correlate with loan delinquency and foreclosuresuch factors as the initial loan-to-value ratio, the contract interest rate, the housing expense-to-income ratio, term to maturity, age of loan, type of loan (conventional vs. government insured), borrowers equity, purchase price of the property, age of home (new vs. xisting), neighborhood unemployment rate, age of the borrower, borrowers income and occupational skill level and tenure on job, and the existence of refinancing or junior financing. Furthermore, Vandell and Thibodeau (1985) addressed theoretically and empirically, the structure of influences affecting the default option in mortgage contracts. A formal theoretical model recognizes that a number of loan and non-loan related effects beyond the housing unit can influence the default decision. These include 1) payment levels relative to income, which can displace other investment opportunities or cause a need for borrowing or sale to meet mortgage obligations; 2) current and expected neighborhood and housing market conditions, in particular the expected relative rate of appreciation of the unit and the relative cost of homeownership; 3) economic conditions; 4) wealth; 5) borrower characteristics such as the variability in income or the capability to survive crisis events; as well as 6) transactions costs incurred pon default. Some other macroeconomic factors and specific conditions of loan agreement which may cause later delinquency include the following: interest rate of the loan (Jung, 1962; Page, 1964), value ratio of the loan (Jung, 1962; Page, 1964; von Furstenberg, 1969; Zorn and Lea, 1989; Lawrence et al. ,1992; Kau and Keenan, 1999; Deng et al. , 1996, 2000), period of the loan (Page, 1964; von Furstenberg, 1969; Lawrence et al. , 1992), the ratio of mortgage payme nts to family income (Lawrence et al. 1992), and owner-occupation rates (Zorn and Lea, 1989). The borrower-related personal effects are often used to predict the level of borrower conscientiousness toward repayment or the likelihood of recovery from a seriously destabilizing incident, such as unemployment (Vandell, 1978; Deng et al. , 1996, 2000), death (Vandell, 1978), divorce (Vandell, 1978; Deng et al. , 1996, 2000) or housing price collapse (Kau and Keenan, 1999; Deng et al. , 1996, 2000), which will render default more likely. Their results show that unemployment and repayment have positive relation whereas economy growth rate and repayment negative relation. 2. 2Methodology Review Many literature applied the following methodologies to the study the issue of credit ratings such as multiple regression analysis (Jung, 1962; Page, 1964; von Furstenberg, 1969; von Furstenberg and Green, 1974; Vandell, 1978), discriminant analysis (Ingram and Frazier, 1982), probit model (Morton, 1975), logistic regression analysis (Vandell and Thibodeau, 1985; Grander and Mills, 1989; Canner et al. 1991; Lawrence et al. , 1992). Ingram and Frazier (1982) and Epley et al. (1996) apply the same analysis to test the significance of factors and classification and finds that classification only has small difference in validity, but significant factors varies from one research to another. On the other hand, Epley et al. (1996) show that, when same methodology are applied, there are significant difference in validity to classificatio n and positive or negative coefficients in the factors which influence on breaching the mortgage loan agreement. Since most of researchers use multi-variate methodologies, this study tries to use a different approach of markov chain methodology to analyze the situation of loan default and the nature of changing probability among different stage of loan deteriorations. This study focuses on the deterioration and change of bad loans from overdue to foreclosure with the purpose to find out shifting probability of mortgage financing and average survival rate in stages before final write-offs as bad loans. An estimate of the degree of risk associated with an home loan account is represented by the design of 5 mortgage stages: Stage 1: normal monthly payment; Stage 2: monthly overdue payment under 3 months; Stage 3 past due payments more than 3 month but under 6 months; Stage 4: delinquent period more than 6 months thus exceeding the time limit of loans; and finally Stage 5: bad loans are written off as real loss. Stages 1-5 represent the continually worsening situation of mortgage loans. This study tries to probe into the whole life range of home loan accounts in different stages, exploring their shifting probability in transit, account survival time in stages and finally predicting the chance of foreclosure for bank management concern. However, past research on mortgage households credit default model are established mainly for the purpose to achieve better prediction and warning capacity using different sample data and research methodology. Furthermore, the construction and research on credit default warning model, in most cases, seek first through calculating the probability distribution for household mortgage default to control Type I and Type II errors, and set up critical values to judge the possibility of mortgage delinquencies and, in the end, test the validity of the model using the remaining portion of sample data. Since absorption Markov chain can be used for analyzing problems related to stage change, Kijima (1998), from a technical perspective, explains how a Markov chain model can lead to the known empirical regularities such as memory in rating changes, long term reversion of ratings in bond credit assessment from class A down to E, and the probability of rating failure. Corcoran and Leininger (1973) use absorption Markov chain analysis to establish a human resources evaluation model differentiate ranks and positions into different status, use both supreme and lowest order status as the state for absorption, and calculate the time required to reach absorption. Chen, Jing-Wen (1996) uses absorption Markov chain to analyze the changing situation of account receivables (A/R) to establish the best A/R collection policy, and calculate the time and fluctuation of cash flow under conversion and balance state. Zheng, Wen-Ying (1999) use absorption Markov chain on cost benefits analysis to evaluate transfer probability on all stages of unauthorized, illegal constructions and their survival existence years within the city of Taipei. Zhou, Bai-Long (2001), through absorbing Markov chain analysis, infer the average stop over time before a bank crisis occurs for the Farmer Credit Department in Taiwan To further understand overall household mortgage overdue distribution and transfer situation under different stage, this article first arrange household mortgage loans from 2001 to 2010 according to FSB (2010) specifications, define 5 mortgage overdue lending stages for classification, then use absorption Markov chain analysis to discuss the distribution of overdue loans across stages, and finally calculate the mortgage loan transfer probability before entering final absorption state. III. Research Design This section first discusses research samples and sources, explain how NPL stage is divided, and finally introduce the research methodology. 4. 1 Research Sample Since the restoration of Taiwan in 1946, rapid economic growth and house prices rising caused a surge in mortgage business. Due to the influence of internal and external factors, real estate cycles of booming and recession affected many household incomes and thus resulted in the generation of a large amount of overdue loans since 1995. Once mortgage credit default occurred, not only were households unable to repay their debts and thus suffered from foreclosure, but also the banking experienced great damage sometimes as serious as bank-runs. This article selected mortgage household samples from a branch of a large national bank in southern Taiwans southern during the period of 2001-2010. According to the Financial Supervisory Commission (2010) specifications, as defined in the mortgage NPL stage, sample data are sorted and calculated through Markov chain analysis method to explore transfer probability of mortgage holders during stages and to estimate the average survival time of the various NPL statuses. 4. 2 Mortgage Overdue Stages As mortgage interest and principal repayment are influenced by the factors of real estate cycles and external economy, mortgage holders face a great deal of uncertainty and risk. There is a gradual process of stage occurrence from mortgage default to the end auction for doubtful accounts, rather than overnight problems occurring. Mortgage overdues are part of a continuous NPL history of credit default and should be classified by the seriousness of NPL status and divided into 5 stages, with stage 0 to stage 4 representing credit default situation getting worse. In practice, mortgage classifications make default problems easier to distinguish and to deal with. Mortgage households NPL stage definitions are summarized as following (see Table 1): Table 1 Mortgage households NPL stage definitions Mortgage households NPL stage| Definitions| 0| Category I. Normal Credit Assets| 1| Category II: Special Mention| 2| Category III: Substandard)| 3| Category IV: Doubtful| 4| Category V:Losses| Source:FSC2001 4. 3 Markov Chain Analysis Since extending loans, the NPL migration process approximates random process. In research of credit default warning model, households’ mortgage write-off stage can be regarded as the absorbing state. Based on this assumption, the study uses Markov chain’s absorbent nature to explore the distribution and migration pattern of overall mortgage NPL status. Markov chain analysis is a kind of probability process. Markov (1907) proposed the concept of Markov nature for the description and prediction of physical changes under different circumstances and the final end of a stable absorption state. Wisner (1923) develops the Markov nature into a series of useful mathematical formula. Cyert (1962) apply the concept on the research of management accounting. In addition, the Markov chain analysis is capable of dividing into stage when physical changes happen from a known state to another. Two classification criteria according to their transient† and absorbing† nature are proposed. In the former case, change always happens with distinctive characteristics and can be separated into stages; while, in the latter case, once the physical change enters the final stage, it becomes inseparable as if it was absorbed and become static during the final stage. Such a chain with stages auto-correlated to each other and with changes leading from one stage to another is called the absorbent Markov chain. † This article uses absorbent Markov chain to estimate the phase of transition probability and average survival time of the overdue loans. The Markov chain and the concept of absorbent Markov chain analytical methods, formulas are summarized below. IV. Research Results The overdue loans to total loans ratio of domestic banking sector showed a clear downward trend since the fourth quarter of 2001 until June 2011. The trend diagram in Figure 1 showed that overdue to total loans ratio gradually decreased from the ratio of 11. 27% in the fourth quarter of 2001, to 11. 74% in the first quarter of 2002, and further declining down to 0. 61% in the fourth quarter of 2010, displaying considerable credit quality improvement as well as recovery in overall economic climate and real estate business. This article use household mortgage sample from 2001 to 2010 for research object. During this period, the overdue lending rate of Taiwanese banking sector is declining every year. Thus, except individual personal factors, macroeconomic environment had little effect on the overdue lending rates during this period. Unlike other research where there is always a significant influence from the external environment. Which is always the cause of a large portion of overdue NPLs. Economic recession cause irresistible conditions and generate past-due NPLs. To avoid such influence, mortgage households sample data from 2001 to 2010 are ideally chosen for study. First, annual mortgage households growth are summarized to understand its number, size and growth ratio, then each of the data are categorized into tables according to FSC (2010) specifications of bad credit asset (mortgage overdue lending stage 0-4), and lastly calculate the relative number of distribution and arranged the statistics into the form of transfer Matrix. Through absorption Markov chain analysis method, this study estimates probability under five stages of overdue loan conditions, transfer rate at different stages, and the average survival for each of the overdue loan conditions at different stages. 5. 4 Annual Household Statistics From 2001 to the end of 2010, the mortgage sample had a total of 3819 Mortgage households to apply for loans. There were 1616 Mortgage households from 2001 and 3819 mortgage households at the end of 2010, a total growth of about 1. 36 times. During this period, the average annual growth rate increased up to 9. 80%. On the other hand, the NPL accounts grew from the number of 179 by 2001 to 305 mortgage households by the end of the 2010 (see Figure 2). 5. 5 Distribution of Household Overdue Loans Mortgage families from 2001 to 2010 are classified according to the FSC (2010) proposed NPL phases (Table 2). In Table 2, annual distribution of mortgage households of each stage is clearly shown. From year 2001 to 2010, mortgage households are normal to pay interest and principal; however, beginning from 2001, there was a downward trend that many mortgage households became overdue. In addition, Table 2 showed that, from 2005, although overdue mortgages significantly climbed, they still remain in the stage 1 condition. Since 2006, its mortgage households overdue situation is getting worse (i. e. more late payment in stage 2, 3 and 4), considerably higher than previous years. It is worthy of the attention of bankers and financial authority in charge. The NPL percentage to the total is clearly shown in Table 2. From table 2, the mortgage houses at different stages are divided against the annual total, and expressed as percentage, making clear the percentage every stage has to the total number of mortgages. As mortgages credit status may fluctuate over time, make changes in their stages of overdue loans, this article taken into account for the time (t) factors through regression analysis to forecast trend and verify whether changes are the same for each stage. If verification result is solid, the data analysis does not take into account the factor of time; If, on the contrary, the time factor will be taken into account. From Figure 3, Verification results and linear regression analysis (see table 3) show that, at different times, (t) changes for each stage and render a horizontal status, that is, the data will not change over time, mortgage loan overdue status distribution is stable.

Lego Technic Essay Example

Lego Technic Essay LEGO the well-know children’s building system has been around for a long time and in an age when new toys come and go with astonishing rapidity and technology- based toys like video games are reaching impressive heights of sophistication, it might be difficult to understand the enduring market appeal of these basic building blocks.. Well the answer is that LEGO has changed with the market and the company, currently owned by the founder’s randson Kjeld Kirk Christiansen, continues to invest large sums around the world to understand changes in children’s tastes and to explore new product developments based around its mission ‘to inspire children to explore and challenge their own creative potential’. The name ‘LEGO’ is an abbreviation of two Danish words â€Å"leg godt†, meaning â€Å"play well†. The company was founded by Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1932. It is now the world’s sixth largest manufacturer of toys, with i ts head office in Billund, Denmark, branches throughout the world and some 5000 employees its products are sold in more than 130 countries.The traditional interlocking LEGO brick has twice been named toy of the century by Fortune Magazine then by the British Association of Toy Retailers, although in its present form it was launched in 1958. Approximately 17. 8 billion LEGO bricks and other components are made every year. However the product range is now far wider than the basic brick with ‘classic’ products like LEGO DUPLO, LEGO CITY, LEGO TECHNIC being constantly upgraded and added to with concepts like LEGO MINDSTORMS (robot building sets).There are theme based products like LEGO Harry Potter, Spiderman 2, Bob the Builder and Star Wars, introduced under licence and there are brand new products like CLIKITS and BIONICLES. BIONICLES allows children to construct action figures like knights and to develop a detailed online world into which they can be placed to play throu gh a story. LEGO have also moved into different market segments. LEGO BELVILLE is aimed at young girls, allowing them to construct scenes from everyday life and, more recently, moving into the world of fairy tale with princesses, fairies and butterflies. These developments have evolved hrough four ‘eras’: the first was the developing construction and building as the central elements in play; in the second the LEGO products gained motion through wheels, small motors and gears; role play formed the third era, when LEGO figures were born; and the fourth era introduced intelligence and behaviour. Alongside this LEGO has developed numerous ‘play themes’ for all their products such as fire station, police, airport, knights, castle and racing cars. There are also four LEGOLAND theme parks around the world in Denmark, England, Germany and California, USA with a LEGOLANDDiscovery Centre opened in Berlin in 2007. Strategic partnerships have played an important part i n recent innovations. In 1984, before digital development really took off, LEGO entered into a partnership with Media Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. By blending physical and virtual worlds into an integrated play universe, the company came up with new products. LEGO TECHNIC Computer Control was the first tangible product of the partnership, launched in 1986. This paved the way to the introduction in 1998 of LEGO MINDSTORMS, integrating robot technology 2008 Professor Pal Burns. Extract from: Corporate Entrepreneurship: Building the Entrepreneurial Organization (2nd Edition), Paul Burns, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. with LEGO constructions systems and enabling children to create and programme intelligent LEGO models. LEGO, in partnership with a US non-profit organisation called FIRST (‘For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology’), have established FIRST LEGO League, a worldwide tournament in which children compete by designing their own robots and participate in a series of scientific and mathematical or technical projects.The 2006 version, LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT, allows children to build and programme a robot that can see, hear, speak, feel and move in just half an hour. The company’s web site LEGO. com is more than just a showcase for the company’s products, it allows children to play games, enjoy stories and undertake activities. It is important because stories spur children to play games. Over 25% of toy sales are now related to movies or TV series and, since none to date have featured LEGO parts, it is important for the company to be able to inspire children through its own communication medium.In 2006 the web site was one of the top 25 ‘Lifestyles and children’s websites’ in the USA, building a virtual community of LEGO enthusiasts. LEGOfactory. com even allows children to build virtual LEGO models, exhibit it in a virtual gallery and then order the parts, if they wan t. Concept and product development take place primarily at the company’s headquarters in Billund at the Concept Centre. This creative core is made up of 120 designers representing about 15 nationalities, most having trained at Art school. The company also has what it calls ‘listening posts’ – otherwise known as Concept Labs in Munich,Barcelona, Los Angeles and Tokyo. At these Labs children from four very different countries are encouraged to try out different combinations with the same LEGO pieces and create worlds of their own, which the company can incorporate into it’s ‘play themes’. The Labs try to spot trends in children’s play, understand the motivations behind this and to translate them into what it means for the company and new product development – effectively trying to systematically understand children’s’ creativity by observing them at play. The Labs also take an active role in the product concep t and early development phase of any new product.Visit the company web site on www. lego. com to see some of the features described in this case. Questions 1. If you were in charge of LEGO what would you want the Concept Centre and its Labs to find out and how would you set about getting that information? 2. How important are strategic alliances? How do they influence innovation? 3. With whom does the company develop relationships? What role do they serve and how are they developed?  © 2008 Professor Pal Burns. Extract from: Corporate Entrepreneurship: Building the Entrepreneurial Organization (2nd Edition), Paul Burns, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Why Im A Competitive Gamer essays

Why I'm A Competitive Gamer essays To most kids, gaming has such unlimited attractions that it seemed to have taken away their souls. Everyone wanted to be the hero in games. And of course, I am one of them. I started playing games at 8 years old. At first, it was all about having fun, until I met Counter-Strike 1.5, which made me become a more serious competitive gamer I am today. My first memory about games was FC games. We had to go to the gaming station to play them secretly, because our parents thought playing games is harmful to our studies and an FC was too expensive for a normal family. Unfortunately, one day I was caught right outside the station by my mother. She was upset and warned me seriously that if I would go to this place again, I would lose all my pocket money. I was frightened and had to give up. However, after 2 weeks, my desire came back because my uncle bought one. My uncle was also a gamer, he was like 35 years old at that time. Although he was not rich and the FC machine cost him 200 yuan which was as much as his salary of a month, he finally did it. My aunt knew that I wanted to play badly too, so she brought the machine to my house for me every holidays. It was better to play in my own house rather than going outside, moreover, it was on holidays, so my parents did not stop me from playing. Those were the happiest days of a year. At that time, I had a dream that one day I could buy myself an FC, my own FC. Because of this dream, I bought many playing machines these years. Although I could not go into the station and play anymore, I could not help standing outside and watching other kids play. And there were some bad elder kids robbing younger kids for coins to play. Fortunately, I met them twice at most. But I heard that someone has been robbed 12 times a week.. Games at that time were Warriors of Fate, Cadillacs of Dinosaurs, Street Fighter, Captain Commando, and classic RaidenX. All I cared about was things like That bro gaine...

Internal and External Stakeholders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internal and External Stakeholders - Assignment Example ary funding to emergency management has negatively affected the effort by FEMA to design a properly functioning and integrated communication system that would bring majority, if not all, of the involved stakeholders on board. Since September 11, existing funding and staff resources have been redirected at Department of Homeland Security to focus significantly on terrorism based activities. According to the 2013 Federal Signal Public Safety Survey conducted by Zogby, three-quarters of emergency managers cited budget constraints as their biggest challenge when it comes to updating their emergency communication systems (Griffin, 2013). Citizens’ apathy towards public safety also contribute to the communication challenges. John Von Thaden, vice president and general manager, notification systems at Federal Signals, puts this challenge into perspective by highlighting the obstacles encountered by public safety official in their bid to implement ECS solutions. He notes that the general public continue to remain disinterested in efforts rolled out by emergency officials to raise their awareness and preparedness in the wake of a disaster. Undoubtedly, very few Americans are concerned of the emergency numbers that they ought to call in the event of an emergency. Public drills on emergence response are rarely taken serious by the citizens (Griffin, 2013). Also, technological advancement has ironically bolstered communication challenges in emergency management. This is by taking the citizens’ dimension. Facebook, twitter, and other social media platforms seem to be competing with conventional modes of communication such as radio, television, and phone calls. The varied preferences on the channel to use has made it hard for public safety officials to reach out to the maximum number of individuals in case of a disaster. A mobile platform should be embraced as the main medium of communication during emergencies. This is because physical infrastructure is often prone to

Litigation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Litigation - Term Paper Example Litigation is term used to refer to the process of filing, defending and standing in favor or against a particular case of law (Cheeseman 35). Before litigation is conducted, the case of the conflict experiences several processes including initial pleadings, judgments that take place before the trial, dismissal of the case and settlement of the case. Due to so many phases involved in the litigation process, organizations as well as individuals have to spend lump sum of finances and ample amount of time is wasted in solving the conflict. These proceedings even negatively impact the image of the parties involved in may cause disturbances in day to day running of the business. Due to these heavy risks associated with judicial proceedings, organizations tend to select alternative methods of solving disputes such as bargaining, arbitration as well as mediation (Cheeseman 43). There are several differences between the process of conflict resolution through judicial proceedings and ADR. In judicial proceedings, third parties are involved such as the jury to decide whether or not an individual is guilty and worthy of punishment. In case of certain methods of ADR, a third party is rarely involved and in certain methods third party involvement even takes place and the third party is a neutral representative and the party can only participate in facilitation of negotiation. For example in the case of Arbitration, a neutral third party gets involved and is regarded as the arbitrator and is selected by parties involved in the dispute and has the responsibility of listening to the case of both the parties and the decision taken by the arbitrator decides the outcome of the case. When the conciliation dispute settlement method is used, the parties involved do not negotiate with each other in a face to face manner. Due to this a conciliator who is mostly neutral in nature is used and he acts as the negotiator from both ends. If dispute resolution is conducted with the assistanc e of a judicial procedure, heavy amount of time and money of the parties involved is invested. Before a case reaches the court, it has through go through several stages and due to this, a case may end up conceding months and in some extreme cases it may even consume years. Alternative dispute resolution systems are much quick as compared to the judicial procedure. Secondly, in case of judicial proceedings, parties have to obtain assistance from attorney and attorneys charge heavy fees to fight a case and the more time a case takes, the higher is the amount of accumulated fees of the attorney. In case of ADR, the methods used are quite cheap as the parties can contest against each other or negotiate with each other on their own. The fourth difference between the two procedure is the difference in setting, while court proceedings are conducted in a courtroom which can become quite intimidating for the parties involved, the methods used in ADR mostly take place in one of the party†™s offices or some conference hall or room. In the case of traditional litigation system, any one of the parties involved can file a law suit and the other party may have to fight against him even if the claims made by one of the parties are not true at all (Lundmark 126). No method of ADR can be used until both the parties are not ready to solve the dispute and negotiate with ea

Alu elements

Alu elements Introduction For centennials scientists and laymen alike have been awe-inspired and intrigued by the phenomena that is Alu elements. It is a family of short interspersed repeats that have mobilized throughout primate genomes by retrotransposition over the past 65 million years of primate evolution (Comas et al., 2001). Alu elements are regarded as Sort Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINES) whose length spans 300bp. In close proximity to the centre of the Alu element itself, is a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Alu I, of which its name is ascertained. These Alu elements accounts for 5% of the human genome and is believed to have arisen from a gene that encodes the RNA component of the recognition molecule (Smith, 2005). Alu is a transposable DNA sequence that has the ability to repeatedly copy and insert itself into new chromosome loci i.e. jumping-genes. More specifically Alu is a retroposon it necessitates the retrovirus enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce an identical copy of itself that has the capacity to be mobile. This is achieved when the inserted Alu, by processes of RNA polymerases, is transcribed into mRNA. The newly formed mRNA is converted to a double stranded molecule. This is accomplished by the action of reverse transcriptase. In the end, at any new chromosomal locus at the site of a single or double stranded break, the DNA copy of Alu is integrated (Robinson, 2005). In order for an Alu element to self transcribe, each has an internal promoter for RNA polymerase III. Nevertheless, it lacks the ability to produce a copy of itself. Furthermore, to integrate this copy into a new chromosome position. But other transposons the very functions Alu lacks. One of these other transposons is L1, a Long Interspersed Nuclear Element (LINES), as a results of LINES ability to retain a functional reverse-transcriptase gene. In addition to LINES ability to reverse transcribe RNA to DNA , L1 reverse transcriptase is also able to produce single stranded nicks in DNA. If a chromosomal locus contains the sequence AATTT, the reverse transcriptase enzyme will produce a nick the polyadenalated tail of the Alu transcript hydrogen bonds to the TTT sequence at the nicked site. Thus creating a primer for for the reverse transcription. Enabling the DNA copy to migrate (Fisher, 2007). This representation depicts the efficiency of L1. Moreover, how L1 provieds the the fuctions for Alu tranposons. In essence, it shows how Alu is a parasite of L1 i.e. a remnant of an ancestoral retrovirus (Kass et al., 2007). This study examines PV92, a human-specific Alu insertion on chromosome 16 and which belong to the subfamily Alu Y. The PV92 genetic system has only two alleles indicating the presence (+) or absence (-) of the Alu transposable element on each of the paired chromosomes. It is aimed at extracting DNA, amplifying it and running it on a 2% agrose gel. The results attained will be analysed for the possible Alu insertion or deletion. It is hypothesised that with the aid of specific molecular biology techniques, analysis of the PV 92 Alu element can be achieved and the population will be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Method And Materials A) DNA Samples For approximately 1minute, sterile nylon swabs were rubbed inside the cheek. The swabs were then placed in 250 µl of QuickExtract and rotated in such a manner that no solution was spilt. Thereafter, swabs were pressed against the sides of the tubes, removed the tubes were closed. The tubes were vortexed for 10seconds and incubated for 1minute at 65 °C. A second vortex then followed for 1seconds. The tubes were then incubated for 4minutes at 98 °C. Upon completion, the tubes were re-vortexed for 15seconds. With the use of a nanodrop, the DNA of each tube could be quantified. The expected yield for each tube was 20ng/ µl. B) PCR Conditions In a final volume of 150 µl, a standard master mix was prepared. Each master mix comprised 1x reaction buffer, 200mM dNTP mix, 1.5mM MgCl2, 1 µM of each primer and 0.016U/ µl of Taq polymerase. Following a 1:1 dilution, the DNA stock was diluted to a concentration of 15ng/ µl. The reaction was set up by mixing 15ng of DNA to a master mix which was made up to a final volume of 25 µl. Finally, the preparation of the negative control followed containing 24 µl of master mix which was made up to a final volume of 25 µl. The reactions were then run for 30 cycles by means of the subsequent constraints: 95 °C 1min, 55.5 °C 1min, 72 °C 1min and 72 °C 7min. This was then held at 4 °C. C) Gel Electrophoresis In an Erlenmeyer flask, 2g of agrose powder was weighed out and 100ml of 1x TBE was added. The agrose was dissolved by heating in a microwave oven. The solution was then cooled and 1 µl of EtBr was added. The agrose was then poured into a casting tray with a comb and this was allowed to set at room temperature. Of the PCR product, 10 µl was mixed with 1 µl loading dye. Then 10 µl of the newly formed sample was loaded onto the gel alongside the MW marker. Using a UV light, the DNA fragments could be visualised and photographed. The size of the amplified product could then be attained. Results Frequencies for a class of 70 students ++ = 35 individuals +- = 30 individuals = 5 individuals Therefore the total number of alleles = 140 Allele frequency distribution of the ++ and allele in the Normal Population Allele frequency for ++ allele = [(++ x 2) + (+-)] à · (n), where n= number of alleles in the whole population Therefore: Allele frequency for ++ allele = [(35 x 2) + 30] à · (140) =0.714 =71.4% Allele frequency for allele = [( x 2) + (+-)] à · (n), where n= number of alleles in the whole population Therefore: Allele frequency for L allele = [(5 x 2) + 30] à · (140) =0.286 =28.6% Observed Frequencies (OF) OF = Number of individuals for a specific allele à · total number of individuals in the sample Therefore: ++ allele = 35 à · 70 = 0.50 +- allele = 30 à · 70 = 0.43 allele = 5 à · 70 = 0.07 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) The formula for determining HWE = p2+2pq+q2 Therefore: HWE = (0.714)2 + [2(0.714 + 0.286)] + (0.286)2 = 1 Comparison of observed frequencies with expected frequencies Observed Expected (O-E)2 à · E ++ 50 51 0.0196 +- 43 41 0.0976 7 8 0.1250 Total ∑ 0.242 For degrees of freedom = 1 and a 95% probability, the critical value attained from the Chi square table is 3.843 Discussion The results attained depicted that 35 individuals in the sample were homozygous for the insertion, while 30 were homozygous for no insertion. Only 5 individuals in the sample were heterozygous. This shows that a greater percentage of the population can pass on the PV92 insertion to their offspring. The allele distribution frequencies of the ++ and +- allele in the normal population revealed that 71.4% of the population was ++ which is just below 2 ½ times more that the 28.6% attained for the allele. The observed frequencies materialised similar results. The ++ allele had the highest frequency with +- having the lowest. Once more, the allele was the intermediate. When comparing the observed frequencies to that of the expected frequencies, the critical value attained was 0.242. With the respects to the Chi square table, for degrees of freedom being 1 and for a 95% probability, the critical value was 3.843. The Hardy-Weinberg principle implies that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain stable i.e. equilibrium, from cohort to the next except if specific disturbing influences are launched. Those comprise non-random mating, mutations, selection, limited population size, overlapping generations, random genetic drift and gene flow (Wikipedia, 2010 and Roux, 1974). With the above mentioned, it was attained that the sample was found to be in equilibrium as the calculated critical value was less than the one attained from the Chi square table at a 95% probability. Therefore, it can be said with much certainty that the hypothesis made was true. References * Comas, D., Plaza, S., Calafell, F., Sanjantila, A. and Bertranpetit, J. (2001). Recent Insertion of an Alu Element Within a Polymorphic Human-Specific Alu Insertion European Journal of Pharmacology Molecular Pharmacology Section, 247, 239-248 * Fisher, L. (2007). Alu Frame-set. (Online) (Cited 28 March 2010) Available from http://www.geneticorigins.org/pv92/aluframeset.htm * Kass, D., Jamison, N., Mayberry, M. and Tecle, E. (2007). Identificatin of a unique based Alu-polymorophism and its use in Human Population studies. Journal of Genes. * Robinson, N. (2005). PV92 Locus Alu: How to Track Human Migration Following This Gene Insertion. (Online) (Cited 28 March 2010) Available from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1452910/pv92_locus_alu_how_to_track_human_migration_pg2.html?cat=58 * Roux, C. (1974) Hardy-Weinberg Equilibria in random mating populations. Theoretical population biology. 5: 393- 416 * Smith, A. (2005). What is PV92? (Online) (Cited 28 March 2010) Available from http://www.fbr.org/swksweb/pv92.html * Wkipedia (2010). Hardy-Weinberg principle (Online) (Cited 28 March 2010) Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle

Factory Farming and Animal Cruelty Essay -- essays research papers

Factory Farming and Animal Cruelty Animal rights are practically non-existent in many different ways today. Factory farming is probably the worst thing they can do to the poor helpless animals. Factory farming effects chickens, cows, pigs, and many other animals that are used for food, milk and eggs. One of the biggest organizations against factory farming is called Compassion Over Killing (COK). They go to great lengths to protest and inform people about animal cruelty. Chickens have to endure suffering that no living thing should have to go through. The egg laying chickens have to be forced into tiny cages without enough room to stretch their wings. Up to 8 hens are crammed in to a cage that is the size of a folded newspaper, about 11"-14". Stress from the confinement leads to severe feather loss so the chicken will be almost completely bald in the cold cages. When the chickens are of egg-laying age, there beaks are cut off without any pain killers to ease the pain, they do this so the chickens don’t break their own eggs and eat them because the chickens are hungry. Broiler chickens, luckily for them, only live up to 7 weeks old until they are big enough to be slaughtered. Their life starts out in incubator trays with hundreds and thousands of other chicks without enough head room to stand up, and not enough room to take 2 tiny steps. So for the first week of their lives it goes from cramp trays, to cramp boxes, to getting dumped onto the filthy floors of t...

Film & Ideology – Milk

Assignment 2 – Film and Ideology The definition of the word ideology can be represented in many ways. Today’s basic understanding of the word can be defined as â€Å"the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture† (Farlex, 2009). Gus Van Sant’s exceptional biopic Milk (Gus Van Sant, 2008) depicts the story of Harvey Milk, the slain gay-rights activist who became the first openly gay man elected to any substantial political office in the history of the planet. Harvey Milk’s life changed history – his courage still motivates people today, his ideals still teach people today and his hope still inspire people today. The release of Milk in 2008 has helped to bring back a new sense of appreciation for the hope and passion that Harvey Milk died for. Milk beautifully shows the fights and struggles Harvey Milk had to go through to gain the trust of the people and in order for his ideologies of a brighter tomorrow for all queer people to be fully appreciated by everyone. Harvey Milk was an individual who did not die in vain; his efforts in fighting for gay rights left a lasting impact on the people of this planet and his hope still lives on to this day. Simply put Harvey Milk’s ideology of fighting on and instilling hope in the fight for gay rights when no one else would, immortalized him – â€Å"Without hope, life's not worth living† (Milk, 2008) It is now June 7th 1977, the sun has set on the Castro district of San Francisco, and the crowd that has gathered in the street outside Harvey Milk’s camera shop is becoming more and more, impatient and angry. We know watching that the reason that everyone is angry is due to the reports about voters in Dade County, Florida, having voted to overturn a local gay-rights ordinance, giving momentum to a backlash whose most visible public face belongs to Anita Bryant. We know we have reached the climax of the movie. So much is happening all at once in the life of Harvey Milk that you wonder how he has not yet lost his head. His impish upbeat attitude and overly positive optimism in the face of multiplying frustrations makes you look up in awe at the wonderment that is Harvey Milk. The gay residents of the Castro are angry and looking to Harvey for leadership. Though not yet elected to office and having lost 3 years consecutively, Harvey rises to the occasion and leads the angry crowd to city hall where he picks up a bullhorn and address the crowd in a way only Harvey Milk can – turning an angry mob on the verge of a violent riot to a enthusiastic mass willing to fight for their rights the proper way. In the space of a few minutes Harvey goes from a whisper to a shout, from an intimate message of consolation and support to a defiant public speech. Milk shows us that it is these moments, these distinct modes of address, are connected, and that the link between them is what defines Harvey Milk’s aspirations and ideals. According to Dr. Harry M. Benshoff, an associate professor of Radio, Television, and Film at the University of North Texas, queer theorist focus on how sexuality was and is a product of culture, not some sort of biological given. In Milk it is clearly stressed that Harvey too did not believe that homosexuality was a genetic disease. In the scene of the 1977 June 7th march, just before he leaves the store to lead the mob to city hall, Harvey answers the telephone only to be greeted by a scared and confused teenager whose parents believe him to be ill because he is gay. Harvey’s disregard of homosexuality as a genetic disorder is abundantly clear in this scene when he reassures the teenage boy that he isn’t ill and that being gay is perfectly normal. Dr. Benshoff goes on to day that following the work of Alfred Kinsey and Sigmund Freud, queer theorists argue that human sexuality—or indeed, race, gender, class, etc. are not either/or propositions, but are rather fluid and dynamic socially-defined positions. To suggest that there is one norm (straight white man on top sex for procreation and nothing else) is grossly misleading and only serves to foster rule by the same and persecution of everything else. Throughout Milk we can see that Harvey, though a very passionate gay-rights activist, is not only looking out for the queer folk. He holds dear to the ideal that everyone is equal. In a way he embodies what Kinsey and Freud say. He did not believe in just one norm. In his fight for gay-rights he isn’t trying to one-up the vast heterosexual majority by over throwing them and getting homosexuals to run the world, he is merely trying to get them to see that homosexuals are no different from any other person. Harvey Milk was trying to break down the social barriers that led to narrow minded thinking of just one social norm. In Milk during one of the public rally’s he had, Harvey said that â€Å"all men are created equal. No matter how hard you try, you can never erase those words† – he believed these words with all his heart. To Harvey Milk, he wasn’t just fighting for gay-rights; he was fighting for a way of life that did not constrict its citizens to conform to just one social norm. Milk, Gus Van Sant’s film project that was close to two decades in the making, was released on the 26th of November 2008 and marks the 30th anniversary of Harvey Milk’s death and the brief but brilliant political career he led. Harvey Milk was unfortunately gunned down on November 27th 1978, three weeks after his biggest political victory. The San Francisco city supervisor had been in office less than a year when he spearheaded a statewide campaign to defeat Proposition 6, a ballot initiative that called for the mandatory firing of gay teachers in California. Milk however arrived in theaters three weeks after the biggest political setback the American gay rights movement has suffered in years: the passage of Proposition 8, which reversed the California Supreme Court ruling that legalized same-sex marriage. As untimely as the events that unfolded prior to the theatrical release of Milk, it begs the question on how did Proposition 8 change the meaning—the symbolic and ideological significance as well as the real-world function—of Gus Van Sant’s Milk. The passing of proposition 8 transformed Milk from a delicate, serious-minded period biopic that was directed by the brilliant Gus Van Sant into something much more urgent. Milk was suddenly this shinning beacon of hope that reinstated the hope and passion that was Harvey Milk into today’s gay-rights activist. There are some moments in the film that in retrospect seem as though it is speaking directly to the audience of the present. As the Proposition 6 results start to roll in, Harvey tells his followers: â€Å"If this thing passes, fight the hell back. † Those eight words speak volumes to the people who are fighting against the proposition 6 of today, proposition 8. â€Å"Somehow, when 8 passed, something else happened that was even more intense than the campaign, which is good. It was an inspiring reaction that showed strength to the people who were against Prop 8. So yeah, it seems to have an effect on something that's similar to it: Prop. 6, that appears in our movie†, Milk director Gus Van Sant was quoted during an interview with IFC. com. The activist understood the message Harvey Milk stood for in the day, and opted not to let his valiant efforts go to waste. To judge from the numerous rallies that have sprung up across the country since Prop 8 passed, many gays and lesbians are doing just that, refusing to go down without a fight. Gay rights advocates have been quoted saying that they hope to capitalize on Milk's fortuitous topicality. The film's Oscar winning screenwriter, Dustin Lance Black, and veteran activist Cleve Jones published a manifesto for equality in the San Francisco Chronicle on November 14th 2008 and launched a nationwide campaign of mass protests and civil disobedience. The endnote of their manifesto read, â€Å"Remember always, and reflect in all your actions, that we are not fighting against anyone, or anything. We are struggling for equality†. Harvey Milk was the one that picked up the flag when no one else would. He was the one that led the suppressed minority on to recognition and acceptance. All who wear his badge, or speak his words, or hold strong to his ideals, keep him alive. Milk managed to revitalize Harvey and in a strange twilight zone sort of way enlisted today’s newly radicalized generation to find their figurehead in the movie-hero version of a long-dead hero. In Milk we see that Harvey’s main arsenal in his fight for equality was that he rejected secrecy and shame in favor of openness and visibility. He insisted that the fight against homophobia begins with the act of coming out – â€Å"If they know us, they don’t vote against us†. Harvey Milk realized this earlier than many of his contemporaries. He understood that in order to gain true equality gays and lesbians should serve as their own civil advocated instead of merely relying on pacts and promises made with their straight allies in high and powerful places. Though he was seen as a radical at the time, in retrospect Harvey Milk is an optimist, an idealist, a true believer in the possibilities of American democracy. Gus Van Sant understood where Harvey was coming from with his ‘come out of the closet ideology’. In the interview with IFC. om Gus Van Sant sheds some light on the ideology and how it affected him. â€Å"It was Harvey's one idea that would have worked and probably did help the â€Å"No on Proposition 6† campaign†¦ultimately, it's an interesting concept, and that was the way he thought had a huge effect on Proposition 6. If it's not an unknown, it's not scary. If it's a known, it's friendly and you understand, ‘Oh t hat person that I know is gay, and this other person I know is gay’. That's partly how it works†. The openly gay Hollywood director went on to say, â€Å"But people did come out. It was his drive to just come out of the closet, lock the closet, and stay out, which was followed by many people. And really, it was his death request. If a bullet should enter his brain, may it knock down every closet door — that was his last request, his will, which probably extended to many people, including me, because I came out after he was killed†. This is just one of the millions of example on how Harvey Milk’s ideals and aspiration for equality for homosexuals touched and affected the lives of many closeted ones. Milk’s screenwriter Dustin Lance Black was quick to praise Harvey Milk’s ‘come out of the closet’ ideal a really good solution to a problem that tons of people had diagnosed but had yet to offer any answers to in an interview with ABC Radio. In the same interview he said, â€Å"In the years that Harvey put that into place, that sort of philosophy into the campaign, he won an election and a month later he was able to defeat one of the biggest, most popular anti-gay pieces of legislation in our country. He was able to defeat it, very unexpectedly, with that philosophy†. The recent anti-Prop 8 movement however seemed to embrace the opposite tactic. It was a closeted campaign, devoid of a public face, largely dependent on straight spokespeople, and run with a wary defensiveness that would have driven Harvey Milk mad. The story and context of Milk, and of the times in which Harvey Milk lived and led, make clear the continuation of this struggle we still find ourselves in. As soon as you lose a battle, another one looms before, giving you another opportunity to try to win. You win a battle, and before you can catch your breath, another struggle is on the horizon. We fall down only to pick ourselves back up again. Nothing about progress allows for much in the way of rest, but nor does it allow for much to remain stagnant. Harvey Milk’s thoughts were ones that changed the world. His thoughts turned into full out ideologies and his ideologies in turn morphed into a revolution. The ever brilliant Gus Van Sant who has a certain knack for merging the lines between now and then delivers to us a biopic that brings back to life its subject. In the post-proposition 8 viewing of this film, we can now see the rise of a new generation of activist – ones that have been instilled with a new sense of hope. Just as Harvey Milk’s assassination, which he repeatedly foretold, has meant that he remains frozen in time as a martyr, the Proposition 8 result has, for now, has redefined Milk as a cause. Gus Van Sant’s 20 year long journey of bringing to life this culturally epic subject has cemented Harvey Milk’s position as an ideological leader. â€Å"Lives of great men all remind us; we can make our lives sublime, and, departing, leave behind us, footprints on the sands of time† (Longfellow, 1838). Harvey Milk’s footprints would have never been forgotten, but Milk has in a way reaffirmed this stand. Gus Van Sant brought about a hero that was long gone and risen him from six feet under to be celebrated again as if he was never gone. Harvey Milk believed in one thing above all else and that was hope, Gus Van Sant brought back that hope. â€Å"I ask this†¦ If there should be an assassination, I would hope that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand would rise. I would like to see every gay lawyer, every gay architect ‘come out’ – If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door†¦ And that's all. I ask for the movement to continue. Because it's not about personal gain, not about ego, not about power†¦ it's about the â€Å"us's† out there. Not only gays, but the Blacks, the Asians, the disabled, the seniors, the us's. Without hope, the us's give up – I know you cannot live on hope alone, but without it, life is not worth living. So you, and you, and you†¦ You gotta give em' hope†¦ you gotta give em' hope. †, were the last lines of Milk. (2435 words) References: 1. Black, D. L. (2008) Interview with Dustin Lance Black, writer, ‘Milk’, viewed May 2009, 2. Doty, A. 1998) The Oxford Guide To Film Studies: Queer Theory, Oxford University Press Inc, New York 3. Dr. Benshoff, H. M. (2006) Notes on Gay History/Queer Theory/Queer Film, viewed May 2009, < http://www. unt. edu/ally/queerfilm. html> 4. Milk, 2008. Film. Directed by Gus Van SANT. USA: Focus Features 5. Sant, G. V. (2008) Interview: Gus Van Sant on â€Å"Milk†, viewed May 2009, < http://www. ifc. com/news /2008/11/gus-van-sant-on-milk. php> 6. TheFreeOnlineDictionary. Com By Farlex (2000) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston